France . Elizabeth upon his a great effort Henri recaptured Amiens, then foundhimself without money and without men. Luckily Spainalso was at the end of her resources, and if she gainedsuccesses, it was none the less clear that she could notconquer France. The Pope intervened. He could notview with equanimity these two CathoHc Powers ex-hausting each other in the presence of the prosperousProtestant countries. Henri threw over his Dutch andEnghsh aUies, and a peace was signed at Vervins, May,1598, which renewed that of Cateau-Cambr6sis. The Treaty of Vervins marked the beguining of the
France . Elizabeth upon his a great effort Henri recaptured Amiens, then foundhimself without money and without men. Luckily Spainalso was at the end of her resources, and if she gainedsuccesses, it was none the less clear that she could notconquer France. The Pope intervened. He could notview with equanimity these two CathoHc Powers ex-hausting each other in the presence of the prosperousProtestant countries. Henri threw over his Dutch andEnghsh aUies, and a peace was signed at Vervins, May,1598, which renewed that of Cateau-Cambr6sis. The Treaty of Vervins marked the beguining of thedecKne of Spain, of the failure of PhiUps ideal of universalempire, in face of French resistance and English seaman-ship. It was preceded by a few weeks by the Peace ofNantes, which marks the end of the Wars of Religion and THE EDICT OF NANTES 247 the beginning of an era of toleration. The Edict ofNantes, signed by Henri, April 13, 1598, was a charterof the rights of Protestants to freedom of t-TIOI/j/SA HENEI OF BiSaEN, KING OF NAVAERE.(^From a drawing in the Bihliothkque Nationale,^ They were granted liberty of public worship in twoplaces in every baillage or senechaussee, and in all placeswhere it already existed. Full civil rights were granted 248 PRANCE to all Protestants, and, as a guarantee, they were allowedto retain complete control of the 200 cities which theystill held. It was, said the Pope, the most accursed edict imagin-able. And now that peace was restored, Henri turned to theno less difficult task of curing the ruin and desolationwhich France had suffered from the wars and massacresperpetrated in the name of religion. The Minister whomhe chose to help him in this endeavour was a man of strongsense, sound business instincts, and a soldier of highcourage—a Protestant named Maximihan de Bethune,afterwards Duke of Sully. Sully, says M. Duruy happily,was neither a Colbert nor a Bayard, but he had some ofthe qualities of both. As Superintendent of the F
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