. The complete home landscape. Landscape gardening; Gardens. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS—WALLS 45 RETAINING WALLS Oftentimes walls are difficult to design as it is sometimes hard to estimate the strength required. WaUs need not be as large in land- scape work as in engineering work. If a wall is to be used about a garden or near the house it should have a coping, made a little wider than the wall to keep out rain, etc. If balustrades are to be used, a stringer course (Fig. 43) is first placed on the wall, then by means of SLX-inch dowels the balustrade is held in place. A wall should, if possible, be
. The complete home landscape. Landscape gardening; Gardens. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS—WALLS 45 RETAINING WALLS Oftentimes walls are difficult to design as it is sometimes hard to estimate the strength required. WaUs need not be as large in land- scape work as in engineering work. If a wall is to be used about a garden or near the house it should have a coping, made a little wider than the wall to keep out rain, etc. If balustrades are to be used, a stringer course (Fig. 43) is first placed on the wall, then by means of SLX-inch dowels the balustrade is held in place. A wall should, if possible, be one soHd whole and not be made up of parts. Retaining walls must have a good foundation, never less than three feet, and for strong walls four feet, deep. Never build a wall on filled ground unless it has had at least a year to settle and pack. It is best to go down to the original surface if possible. A foun- dation for a wall on a hillside should be built in steps (Fig. 49); and see that it is well drained. The width of walls should be one-third to one-half of the total height (Fig. 49). If made of cut stone masonry the width of the base is one-third of the height retained; one-fourth should be satisfactory for brick and ordinary masonry. The thickness should be greater in a surcharged wall (Fig. 44), say five-tenths to six- tenths of the height retained for stone masonry, and six-tenths to seven-tenths for concrete. A long, heavy retaining wall may have buttresses placed about fifteen feet apart to prevent its breaking. The work should be well bonded by the use of mixture of one part of cement to one and one-half of sand. Provide weak holes or openings through the bottom part of the wall for drainage. If plenty of stones are handy they may be used at the bottom of the fill to take care of the drainage. Weak holes are placed about twelve to fifteen feet apart (Fig. 47). STEPS IN DESIGNING A RETAINING WALL (Fig. 49) 1. Decide on height to be retained. 2. Decide on batter to
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