. Bulletin. Ethnology. BULL. ] PUEBLOS 321 the floor, the smoke finding egress through the hatcliway as in some of the kivas to-day. Corner fireplaces were also in use, but chimneys, as well as the dome-shaped ovens built on the ground or on the roofs, and paneled duors and shutters, Avere doubtless derived from the Spaniards. Floors were paved with stone slabs or plastered smooth with adobe mortar like the walls and roofs. Accomjianying each pueblo was at least one kiva (q. v.); indeed the belief has been advanced that the kiva formed the nucleus of theancient pueblo, which grew up around
. Bulletin. Ethnology. BULL. ] PUEBLOS 321 the floor, the smoke finding egress through the hatcliway as in some of the kivas to-day. Corner fireplaces were also in use, but chimneys, as well as the dome-shaped ovens built on the ground or on the roofs, and paneled duors and shutters, Avere doubtless derived from the Spaniards. Floors were paved with stone slabs or plastered smooth with adobe mortar like the walls and roofs. Accomjianying each pueblo was at least one kiva (q. v.); indeed the belief has been advanced that the kiva formed the nucleus of theancient pueblo, which grew up around it. The houses are constructed and owned by the women, the'men helping with the heavy work, such as quarrying stone and haul- ing and emplacingthe beams. The Pue- blos made good basketry (q. v.), but it is not the equal of that of some of the tribes of N. California, although some of the Hopi manufacture basket placques in two distinct styles of weaving, excellently ornamented with anthropomorphic and other figures in harmonious colors derived from native substances, now largely su- perseded by the dyes of com- merce. As pot- ters and weav- ers the Pueblos have not been excelled by any Indians n. of Mexico (see Pottery, Weav- ing). Their earthenware vessels, ancient and modern, consist of practically every form known to the aborigines, from large rough cooking and storage vessels to deli- cately modeled and elaborately painted jars, bowls, platters, bottles, ladles, and box-shaped utensils. Many of the ancient Pueblos, espe- cially those of the northern area, may be designated as horticulturists rather than as agriculturists, so intensive was their method of cultivation. Their small fields were irrigated from living streams or from storage reservoirs, the chief crop being corn. Cotton also was raised, the product being woven into everyday clothing and ceremonial cloaks, kilts, and leggings, which were extensively traded to other tribes. The Hopi were and still are the principal
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