. The American fruit culturist, containing directions for the propagation and culture of all fruits adapted to the United States. Fruit-culture. 24 PROPAGATION. I. Cuttings. When a ligature is bound closely round a branch, the ob- struction which it imposes to the descending juices causes an enlargement or swollen ring above the ligature, as in Fig. 19. The same result is produced if a small ring of bark is cut out, as in Fig. 20. If a shoot is taken from the tree before the leaves expand, and plunged into moist earth till it commences growth, the elaborated materials build up at the lower ex-
. The American fruit culturist, containing directions for the propagation and culture of all fruits adapted to the United States. Fruit-culture. 24 PROPAGATION. I. Cuttings. When a ligature is bound closely round a branch, the ob- struction which it imposes to the descending juices causes an enlargement or swollen ring above the ligature, as in Fig. 19. The same result is produced if a small ring of bark is cut out, as in Fig. 20. If a shoot is taken from the tree before the leaves expand, and plunged into moist earth till it commences growth, the elaborated materials build up at the lower ex- tremity a callus or ring, as in Fig. 21; and under favorable cir- cumstances, roots will form above or near this callus (Fig. 22), and thus a new plant is formed. Every leaf-bud on a fruit-tree may be regarded as an em- bryo branch, and capable of forming a tree when supplied with separate roots. But single buds do not contain within themselves sufficient nutriment to sustain vegetation till roots are formed, without a considerable portion of the sap-wood and cambium layer attached; hence the superior advantage of taking an entire shoot or cutting. Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multiplying a variety. It consists in the in- sertion of a shoot of one year's gfrowth into the soil; the moisture of the soil renews the sup- ply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand, and the descending juices extend themselves in the production of new roots, which shoot downward into the soil, Fig. 23. Under ordinary circumstances, or in open ground, this mode is only applicable to such species as readily throw out roots, as the cur- rant, gooseberry, quince, and grape. Cuttings of the apple and pear can only be made to strike root in the Northern and Middle States by confining the moisture under glass, while artificial heat is applied. It may be stated, in general, that cuttings made of the rip- ened wood of such trees as have a large pith succeed best when taken off with a por
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