. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 41 West Asian Himalayan. : Map of Nepal indicating the main immigration routes of taunal components into the C Hima- layas (from Martens 1984). the S slopes of the main chain. The species concerned are not well adapted to the high pre- cipitation rates typical of the E and C Himalayas, but they tolerate them, and so we find many of them in both the E and wetter and in the W and drier forest types. Vertically, they are found from the temperate Rhododendron-coniferous, zone to the timberline, that is from about 2800 m to 4200 m (subalpine zone =
. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 41 West Asian Himalayan. : Map of Nepal indicating the main immigration routes of taunal components into the C Hima- layas (from Martens 1984). the S slopes of the main chain. The species concerned are not well adapted to the high pre- cipitation rates typical of the E and C Himalayas, but they tolerate them, and so we find many of them in both the E and wetter and in the W and drier forest types. Vertically, they are found from the temperate Rhododendron-coniferous, zone to the timberline, that is from about 2800 m to 4200 m (subalpine zone = upper cloud-forest zone). The Zoogeographie relationships of this species group are clearly indicated by the fact that many geographic representatives and closely related species are found in northern parts of the Palaearctic. Indochinese Himalayan species. - Those species migrated westward in large numbers, along the southern lower slopes of the Himalayas. The main distribution area of many of the species in (sub)tropical Indochina and predominantly S of the areas of the West Chi- nese Himalayan species (see above). Their diversity is greatly reduced from east to west in response to the diminishing monsoon rainfall. Within the zone of Castanopsis-Quercus- laurel forest (2000-2600 m; lower cloud-forest level of the temparate zone) and partly with- in the tree Rhododendron belt (up to roughly 3000 m, middle cloud-forest zone), they are distributed in a great variety of genera and families, and only higher up in the subalpine coniferous forest are they greatly reduced in numbers. Tropical Indian species. - These reach the southern Himalayan mountains from the south and along deeply cut river valleys, and may penetrate right into the main mountain chain. Their vertical distribution rarely exceeds 2000 m, and is in many cases much less. Thus, the Himalayan birds, though emphasized by various authors, are not an independent faunal element confined to the Himalayas, but are a mixture
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