A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . plished the over-throw of the Hugue-nots as a politicalorganization. Thecommon people werekept under, while thekey of his foreignpolicy was hostilityto Austria and Spain,to both branches ofthe house of Hapsburg. He took part in the German warand helped Gustavus with money. In 1634 Wallenstein wasmurdered in his camp at the instance of the German Emperor,who was alarmed at Wallensteins plan of making himselfan independent prince. The Emperor gained a victory atKordlingen (1634), but it was not until five years afterwardsthat
A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . plished the over-throw of the Hugue-nots as a politicalorganization. Thecommon people werekept under, while thekey of his foreignpolicy was hostilityto Austria and Spain,to both branches ofthe house of Hapsburg. He took part in the German warand helped Gustavus with money. In 1634 Wallenstein wasmurdered in his camp at the instance of the German Emperor,who was alarmed at Wallensteins plan of making himselfan independent prince. The Emperor gained a victory atKordlingen (1634), but it was not until five years afterwardsthat Richelieu- found himself in control of the armies opposedto the emperor. The old theological issues were largely for-gotten, for the Protestant states were now fighting on theimperial side. The barbarities of the long war are indescrib-able. Cities, villages, and castles had been burned to theground. The unarmed people were treated with brutal fe-rocity. In the thirty years of the conflict the population ofGermany is said to have diminished from twenty to fifty per. Richelieu THIRTY YEARS WAR 401 cent. At last the military reverses of Ferdinand. III. (1637-1657) wrung from him a consent to the conditions which madethe Peace of Westphalia possible (1648). By the peace it wasagreed that in Germany, whatever might be the faith of theprince, the religion of each state was to be Catholic or Protes-tant according to its position in 1624, which Avas fixed uponas the normal year. In the imperial administration, thetwo religions were to be substantially equal. Religious free-dom and civil equality were extended to the Calvinists. Theempire was reduced to a shadow by giving to the Diet thepower to decide in all important matters, and by the permis-sion given to its members to make alliances with one anotherand with foreign powers, with the futile proviso that no preju-dice should come thereby to the empire or the Emperor. Theindependence of Holland and Switzerland was
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, booksubjectworldhistory, bookyea
