head rhinoceros rhino Rhinocerotidae Javan Sumatran Africa southern Asia
Rhinoceros often colloquially abbreviated rhino, is a name used to group five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae. Two of these species are native to Africa and three to southern Asia. Three of the five species—the Javan, Sumatran and Black Rhinoceros—are critically endangered. The Indian is endangered, with fewer than 2700 individuals remaining in the wild. The White is registered as Vulnerable, with over 9,000 remaining in the wild. The rhinoceros family is characterised by large size (one of the largest remaining megafauna alive today) with all of the species able to reach one ton or more in weight; herbivorous diet; and a thick protective skin, –5 cm thick, formed from layers of collagen positioned in a lattice structure; relatively small brains for mammals this size (400–600g); and a large horn. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their hindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter, if necessary. Unlike other perissodactyls, the African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths, relying instead on their powerful premolar and molar teeth to grind up plant food. The rhino is prized for its horn. The horns of a rhinoceros are made of keratin, the same type of protein that makes up hair and fingernails. Both African species and the Sumatran Rhinoceros have two horns, while the Indian and Javan Rhinoceros have a single horn. Rhinoceri have acute hearing and sense of smell, but poor eyesight. Most live to be about 60 years old or more.
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Photo credit: © 19th era / Alamy / Afripics
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