. A text-book of comparative physiology for students and practitioners of comparative (veterinary) medicine. Physiology, Comparative. /> Pig 213. Pig. 212.—The frog's heart, seen from the front, the aortic arches of the left side hav- ing been removed. (1 x 4.) ca, carotid; c. gl, carotid gland; oo, aorta; o-w', ri^ht auricle; au", left auricle; pr. c, vena cava superior; pt. c, vena cava inferior; p. cu, pulmo-cutaneous trunk; tr, truncus arteriosus: v, ventricle (Howes). Pig. 213.—The same, seen from behind, the sinus venosus having been opened up to show the sinu-auricular valve
. A text-book of comparative physiology for students and practitioners of comparative (veterinary) medicine. Physiology, Comparative. /> Pig 213. Pig. 212.—The frog's heart, seen from the front, the aortic arches of the left side hav- ing been removed. (1 x 4.) ca, carotid; c. gl, carotid gland; oo, aorta; o-w', ri^ht auricle; au", left auricle; pr. c, vena cava superior; pt. c, vena cava inferior; p. cu, pulmo-cutaneous trunk; tr, truncus arteriosus: v, ventricle (Howes). Pig. 213.—The same, seen from behind, the sinus venosus having been opened up to show the sinu-auricular valves. (1 x 4.) p. -y, pulmonary vein; *, % sinus veno- sus; va", sinu-auricular valve. Other lettering as in Fig. 212 (Howes). In the crocodile, however, the heart consists of four per- fectly divided chambers. Of the two aortic arches, one arises together with the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, and, as it crosses over, the left communicates with it by a small opening, so that, although the arterial and the venous blood are completely separated in the heart, they intermingle outside of this organ. In birds the circulatory system is substantially the same as in mammals; but in all vertebrate forms below birds the blood distributed to the tissues is imperfectly oxidized or is partially venous. As a result of the entire vascular arrangements in the frog, etc., the least oxidized blood passes to the lungs, and the most aerated to the head and anterior parts of the animal. Whatever ground for differences of opinion there may be as to the extent to which the phenomena we have as yet been describing are mechanical in their nature, all are agreed that. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Mills, Wesley, 1847-1915. New York, Appleton
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