. A practical treatise on medical diagnosis for students and physicians . n much pus is present, and the urine has stood a while, a putrid odor is developed. In diabetes niellitus the urine has a sweetish, hay-like odor. Indiabetic eoma the odor is sometimes like that of chloroform, due to thepresence of acetone and diacetic acid in the urine. This odor, however,i- more likely to be detected in the breath. Chemical Examination of the Urine. Examination of the urine by the unaided senses, which lias been dweltupon thus far, is simply preliminary to an examination by chemicalmethods and by instr
. A practical treatise on medical diagnosis for students and physicians . n much pus is present, and the urine has stood a while, a putrid odor is developed. In diabetes niellitus the urine has a sweetish, hay-like odor. Indiabetic eoma the odor is sometimes like that of chloroform, due to thepresence of acetone and diacetic acid in the urine. This odor, however,i- more likely to be detected in the breath. Chemical Examination of the Urine. Examination of the urine by the unaided senses, which lias been dweltupon thus far, is simply preliminary to an examination by chemicalmethods and by instruments of precision, particularly the microscope. Urea. Urea is freely soluble in water, and hence never appears as asediment. It is the most important final product of nitrogenous disin-tegration in the body, and is an index of the eliminative power of thekidneys. Usually the density of the urine increases in proportion to theamount of urea contained in it. The average daily amount of ureaexcreted by an adult man between the ages of twenty and forty years is Fig. Squibbs ureometer. about 500 grains. The urea, like the total volume of the urine, issubject to variations within the limits of health. It is increased after ameal, especially if the latter be rich in nitrogenous food; after copiousingestion of liquids, and by a close atmosphere. On the other hand,fasting, free perspiration, a loose condition of the bowels, and a vegetableor milk diet diminish the quantity of urea. Again, the quantity varieswith the age of the person. According to Ralfe, at five years the dailyamount is 180 grains ; at twelve, 320 ; at twenty-one, 535, and at fortyyears, 555 grains. A large man will excrete absolutely more than a small man, and alarge muscular man will excrete relatively more than a fat man of thesame height. The excretion of urea is increased in fever and inflammatory diseases ; ESTIMATION OF UREA. 633 in diabetes mellitus and insipidus; in malaria, pernicious anaemia, andafter
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