. Repair and maintenance of highways. tends to break clods and puddle the work properly, the road machine must be well cared for and theblade kept sharpened and renewed when worn out. A road machinein bad order is a very wasteful tool, particularly when extra horsesare added to compensate for worn-out blades. Where a steam rolleror traction engine is available, it has proved very effective in operat-ing graders and in handling material. It is well to begin operationswith a road scraper just outside the wheel track and to work toward 40 EEPAIE AND AIAIXTEXAXCE OF HIGHWAYS. the gutte
. Repair and maintenance of highways. tends to break clods and puddle the work properly, the road machine must be well cared for and theblade kept sharpened and renewed when worn out. A road machinein bad order is a very wasteful tool, particularly when extra horsesare added to compensate for worn-out blades. Where a steam rolleror traction engine is available, it has proved very effective in operat-ing graders and in handling material. It is well to begin operationswith a road scraper just outside the wheel track and to work toward 40 EEPAIE AND AIAIXTEXAXCE OF HIGHWAYS. the gutters instead of beginning at the gutters and moving a con-stantly increasing mass of earth. In this way the blade always cutsnew material, which moves freely toward the center. When a road has developed a bad section (figs. 7 and S) with highshoulders (that part of the road between the wheel tracks and theinside edge of the gutter), the road machine is used to remove theshoulders, renew the gutter, and crown the traveled way. To carry. Fig. 10.—Type of horse-drawn road grader. out this work correctly the entire width between gutters must bescraped and no sod or other organic matter, or worn-out top dirt, orother dead material be put back permanently into the traveled are two methods of procedure. Under the first method theroad grader may scrape all the objectionable material with a lightcut, even at the expense of some live subsoil, into long piles or wind-rows, which must be carted away to widen the slopes of fills or tosupply the bottom layer for a new fill, or at the worst it may be piled EARTH ROADS. 41 up outside the gutters. The road section may then be re-formedwith fresh material moved to the road center by the grader. Under the second method no account is taken of the presence ofsod or organic matter in operating the grader and the refuse is rakedout or gathered with forks and removed in carts or sometimes thrownoutside the gutter. A harrow may be used to red
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, bookidrepairmainte, bookyear1913
