Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 THE BENTHAL 201 a sponge which exactly covers them; they are said to be protected by its inedibility. Hermit crabs which live in snail shells to which sea anemones are attached belong in this category, being protected by the stinging cells of their messmates. Some sea urchins mask themselves similarly; Toxopneustes brevispinosus bears on its upper surface a number of shells, which are held fast by its tube feet, sometimes com- pletely covering i
Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage . ecologicalanimal00hess Year: 1937 THE BENTHAL 201 a sponge which exactly covers them; they are said to be protected by its inedibility. Hermit crabs which live in snail shells to which sea anemones are attached belong in this category, being protected by the stinging cells of their messmates. Some sea urchins mask themselves similarly; Toxopneustes brevispinosus bears on its upper surface a number of shells, which are held fast by its tube feet, sometimes com- pletely covering , 28, 29 As on sand bottom, plant growth begins at the low tide level in rocky areas wherever the surf is not too violent. As there is no oppor- tunity for roots to penetrate, this growth is limited to algae. The upper levels, occasionally down to 10 m., are grown over with algae like Sargassum and Fucus. Below these come the sometimes gigantic Fig. 34.—Dragonhead (Scorpaena porcus), one-third natural size. After 'Aquarium neapolitanum.' Laminaria, extending to a depth of 30-40 m. These may be extraor- dinarily abundant and large. On the coast of Chile Macrocystis may reach the surface from a depth of 80 m., and the growth may be com- pared to that of a forest, as the mats of eelgrass compare with At other places, brown and red and bright-colored cal- careous algae may form a mixed growth. These algal forests abound with animal life, even more than does the more familiar eelgrass. Hydroid polyps, calcareous and siliceous sponges, tubicolous worms, Bryozoa, and tunicates grow on the leaf-like blades, as do small lamellibranchs with a byssal attachment. All sorts of small creatures occur there, turbellarian, nemertine, and chaetopod worms, snails and nudibranchs, small starfishes and sea urchins, and numerous crustaceans and pycnogonids. A number of small fishes feed here, and this is a normal habitat of the oyster. As on sandy bottom, the fauna of rock bo
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