. Applied anatomy and kinesiology. ouvain and Paris, and chosen professor of anatomy atthe three leading universities of Italy in succession, taught that theintercostals are both depressors of the ribs and muscles of expira-tion. Aranzi, who followed him shortly in the university ofBologna, taught that the intercostals have nothing to do with 212 BREATHING breathing, except as passive portions of the chest wall, and vonHelmont, a famous scholar of Amsterdam, held the same and Cruveilhier, well-known French anatomists, saidthat the intercostals are at the same time elevators an
. Applied anatomy and kinesiology. ouvain and Paris, and chosen professor of anatomy atthe three leading universities of Italy in succession, taught that theintercostals are both depressors of the ribs and muscles of expira-tion. Aranzi, who followed him shortly in the university ofBologna, taught that the intercostals have nothing to do with 212 BREATHING breathing, except as passive portions of the chest wall, and vonHelmont, a famous scholar of Amsterdam, held the same and Cruveilhier, well-known French anatomists, saidthat the intercostals are at the same time elevators and depressorsof the ribs, acting in both inspiration and expiration. The Bartho-lins, father and son, professors of anatomy in Copenhagen duringthe seventeenth century, taught that the two sets of intercostalsare antagonists, the internals being elevators of the ribs and theexternals depressors. None of these views are now held, but theyare interesting as showing how wide a range of conclusions havebeen reached by leading s 6- \ /7 } 6- 6- ^ B O Fig. 129.—?Hainbergei*s model to show intercostal action. The hai m,n representsthe spinal cokinin; op and qr, ribs; pr, the sternum. In A the rubber band R slantslike the internal intercostals and in B like the external intercostals; in C both areacting; s, pegs to hold rubber bands. Two opposing theories of intercostal action still hold the field,each having many supporters. One of these, attributed to Ham-berger, of the university of Jena in the first half of the eighteenthcentury, is the exact opposite of the view of the Bartholins, namely,that the external intercostals lift the ribs and the internals depressthem. The main argument for this view is mathematical, and isbest explained by means of a model used by Hamberger, laterdescribed by Huxley, and now frequently seen in class-roomswhere physiology is taught. It consists of four straight pieces ofwood so hinged together as to illustrate the positions of the spinalcolum
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Keywords: ., bo, bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, bookpublishernp, bookyear1917
