. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. d die in Palestine. The nobles ceased to wage their perpetual privatequarrels, knighthood assumed a regular and solemn character, judiciary duelsdiminished, religious orders multiplied, and charitable institutions were esta-blished on every side. Mens minds became more enlightened and theirmanners softened under the influence of the growing expansion of science,art, and literature. Law, natural history, philosophy, and mathematics cameto them in direct descent from the Greeks and the Arabians ; a new literat
. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. d die in Palestine. The nobles ceased to wage their perpetual privatequarrels, knighthood assumed a regular and solemn character, judiciary duelsdiminished, religious orders multiplied, and charitable institutions were esta-blished on every side. Mens minds became more enlightened and theirmanners softened under the influence of the growing expansion of science,art, and literature. Law, natural history, philosophy, and mathematics cameto them in direct descent from the Greeks and the Arabians ; a new literature,abounding in poetic gems, sprang forth all at once from the imagination oftroubadours, minstrels, and minnesingers; art, the fine arts particularly,architecture, painting, sculpture, and embroidery, began to unfold theirthousand wonders ; industry and commerce multiplied a hundredfold thepublic wealth, which at one time had seemed nearly swallowed up in ruinousexpeditions ; and the art of war, as well as the art of navigation, made im-mense strides in the direction of Fig. 114.—Assault on a Fortified Place.—From a Miniature in the Histoire des Croisades ofGuillaume de Tyr, Manuscript of the Thirteenth Century, in the Library of M. Ambr. Firmin-Didot. CHIVALRY. DUELS AND TOURNAMENTS. Origin of Chivalry.—Its different Characteristics.—Chivalric Gallantry.—Chivalry and Nobility.—Its Relations with the Church.—Education of the Children of the Nobility.—Squires.—Chivalric Exercises.—Pursuivants at Arms.—Courts and Tribunals of Love.—Creation ofKnights.—Degradation of Knights.—Judicial Duels.—Trials by Ordeal.—Feudal Champions.—Gages of Battle.—The Church forbids Duels.—Tournaments invented by the Sire dePreuilly in the Tenth Century.—Arms used in a Tournament.—Tilt.—Lists.—The parttaken by Ladies.—King Renes Book. HE word Chivalry, according to Chasles, whose ingeniousopinions we often borrow, expresses amixt
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