. Economic entomology for the THE IXSECT WORLD. 353 form of the disease known as " staggers," which is sometimes extremely destructive to herds. From this description of the Hfe histories, so briefly given, it appears that our efforts to avoid injury must follow in the direc- tion of prevention. As against the species that must first be taken into the mouth, the mechanical ways of preventing a horse or an ox from licking any part of the body will prove suffi- cient ; or frequent brush- ing will at least moderate the injury. In the case of the sheep-bot the matter is more di
. Economic entomology for the THE IXSECT WORLD. 353 form of the disease known as " staggers," which is sometimes extremely destructive to herds. From this description of the Hfe histories, so briefly given, it appears that our efforts to avoid injury must follow in the direc- tion of prevention. As against the species that must first be taken into the mouth, the mechanical ways of preventing a horse or an ox from licking any part of the body will prove suffi- cient ; or frequent brush- ing will at least moderate the injury. In the case of the sheep-bot the matter is more difficult, because the flies are very persistent, and encircle the animals until they get an oppor- tunity to dart to the nos- tril and deposit upon it ^§'& j^^t ready to hatch, or already hatched, so that either immedi- ately or in a very^ short time the maggot makes its way up along the mucous allow it to extend. Fig. The sheep-bot, CEstrus ovis.—i, 2, nies ; 3, pupa 4, 5, full-grown larva ; 6, young larva. membrane as far as the passages All sorts of devices have been adopted to prevent this, but none are entirely satisfactory. Tar has been used as a repellent, smeared on the nose, and with more or less success. It is probable that fish oil and oil of tar, or carbolic acid, would answer the same purpose. Powdered tobacco, used to induce the sheep to sneeze and thus dislodge any maggots that had already made their way in, has also been more or less satisfactory-. In the case of recently infested animals, a brush dipped in turpentine and carefully used in the nostrils, so as to reach attached larvae and kill them, is sometimes found useful. The family MuscidcB is the largest in number of genera and species in the order as well as the most difficult to classify. The common "house-fly," the ''blue-bottle," and the "flesh-fly" are examples, and may be considered as typical forms, which most of the species resemble ; not necessarily in color or
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