. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 208 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. former, and becomes through the medium of 27, a retractor of the mandible. When the retractor hyoidei relaxes and the mandible is the fixed point, the genio-hyoidei, fig. 135, 27, become pro- tractors of the hyoid arch. In some fishes a transverse muscle, repeating the characters of 21, fig. 135, passes from one ceratohyal to the other. The branchiostegal appendage has muscles for rais- ino- and depressing, divaricating and approximating the rays. The levator hranchiostegorum, figs. 135 and 13
. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 208 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. former, and becomes through the medium of 27, a retractor of the mandible. When the retractor hyoidei relaxes and the mandible is the fixed point, the genio-hyoidei, fig. 135, 27, become pro- tractors of the hyoid arch. In some fishes a transverse muscle, repeating the characters of 21, fig. 135, passes from one ceratohyal to the other. The branchiostegal appendage has muscles for rais- ino- and depressing, divaricating and approximating the rays. The levator hranchiostegorum, figs. 135 and 136, 28, arises from the inner surface of the hinder half of the opercular bone and from a contiguous part of the subopercular, and is continued from ray to ray to the lowest, being loosely attached to their inner surface. It forms a kind of muscular capside of the branclual chamber. The depressor hranchiostegorum, fig. 135, d, arises from the lower end of the ceratohyal and passes obliquely backward, crossing its fellow, to be inserted into the inferior branchiostegal ray. These muscles regulate the capacity of the branchial chamber, 137. and mainly act njion the water it contains: they show accord- ingly much diversity, especially 2s, in relation to the respiratory characteristics and comiected peculiarities in different fishes. In. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Owen, Richard, 1804-1892; Cornell University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library. fmo. London, Longmans, Green
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