. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . d to carry ker-osene or naphtha or crude petroleum in bulkshow very great economies over other methodsof shipment. The table appended indicates thatthe Standard Oil Company owns or controlsnearly a third of the total tank steamer tonnage. The first carrying of oil in bulk seems to havebeen in the Caspian Sea in 1873. In the sameyear two vessels were built for the Philadelphia-Antwerp service and equipped for carrying bulkoil as a part of their cargo.* Oil and passengers,however, w
. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . d to carry ker-osene or naphtha or crude petroleum in bulkshow very great economies over other methodsof shipment. The table appended indicates thatthe Standard Oil Company owns or controlsnearly a third of the total tank steamer tonnage. The first carrying of oil in bulk seems to havebeen in the Caspian Sea in 1873. In the sameyear two vessels were built for the Philadelphia-Antwerp service and equipped for carrying bulkoil as a part of their cargo.* Oil and passengers,however, will not mix, owing to the regulationsfor the protection of the passengers, and as thesesteamers of the Red Star Line were in a veryprofitable place for passenger traffic, their oiltanks were unused. The use of tank steamersrequires a corresponding large-scale shore equip-ment of pipes and pumps and tanks that canonly be provided by distributors on the largestscale. The carriage of bulk oil, therefore, is nota simple question of ships, shipping, and ship • Fry, The History of North Atlantic Steam Private Steamship Lines 205 management. In many parts of the world wherethere is large oil traffic there is no equipmentfor the accommodation of tank vessel it was not until 1888 that vesselsof this character were used on the that date, the extension of their use hasbeen rapid. The larger ports of the great con-suming countries of western Europe have thenecessary receiving equipment and the pipe linesfrom the Ohio Valley to the Atlantic coast ports,from the Caspian field to the Black Sea ports,and latterly from Texas and adjacent fields tothe Gulf of Mexico, give wide sources for thesupply of the cargo. The same method of dis-tribution prevails east of Suez, where the chiefsupplies are in Burma, the Dutch East Indies,and to a lesser extent in Japan. Some firms ^of tank carriers make a practice of supplyinglarge users throughout the worl
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