. Loyal citizenship. States. The localunions in each trade are united with all the otherlocals in the same trade in great national organiza-tions like the Brotherhood of Locomotive the unions in a city usually are represented in acentral labor council which looks out for commonunion interests in the city. Most of the trades areunited in the American Federation of Labor, or,like the railway brotherhoods, work in harmonywith it. Some progress has been made in recent years inorganizing all workers, especially the unskilled, inunions for each industry irrespective of the trade orkind
. Loyal citizenship. States. The localunions in each trade are united with all the otherlocals in the same trade in great national organiza-tions like the Brotherhood of Locomotive the unions in a city usually are represented in acentral labor council which looks out for commonunion interests in the city. Most of the trades areunited in the American Federation of Labor, or,like the railway brotherhoods, work in harmonywith it. Some progress has been made in recent years inorganizing all workers, especially the unskilled, inunions for each industry irrespective of the trade orkind of work of each man. These industrial unionsare much more radical than the trades are not generally afTiliated with the AmericanFederation of Labor. Most radical is the movementwhich proposes to organize all workers in one bigunion. Its object is the overthrow of our govern-ment and social order by a general strike or otherviolent means. Unions and labor monopoly. The trades unions Problems of Labor 213. Cartoon by J. .V. Darlimj Via. 101. Wlion (qjitiil iuid labor quarrel both sulTer,and so docs the whole conimunity. are always trying lo gel a monopoly of the supplyof labor in their respective trades. To this end theysometimes limit the number of apprentices (boyswho are to learn the trade), and they often demandthat none but union men be emj)loyed in th<nr they succeed in excluding non-union men al-together, we speak of the trade as one in whichclosed shop conditions exist. Many em]jloyers denythe right of the unions to insist upon tiie closedshop. They say thai employers have the riijfit fo hirewhom they please and that a worker has a right to 244 Loyal Citizenship join a union or not as he pleases. This is perfectlytrue and is in entire accordance with the principlesof liberty we have discussed before. On the otherhand, the union man has an undoubted right to refuseto work in the same strop ivith non-union men. Thisproblem, like many others, canno
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