History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e those of a prison (Fig. 119) ; yetwithin they were often furnished with the greatest taste and in spite of the disorder, against which the rich protectedthemselves by mak-ing their houses halfstrongholds, the beau-tiful churches, noblepublic buildings, andworks of art whichnow fill the museumsindicate that mankindhas never, perhaps,reached a higher de-gree of perfection inthe arts of peace thanamidst the turmoil ofthis restless town (seebelow, Figs. 126,127).669. Rome, theCapital of the Pa-pacy. D
History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . e those of a prison (Fig. 119) ; yetwithin they were often furnished with the greatest taste and in spite of the disorder, against which the rich protectedthemselves by mak-ing their houses halfstrongholds, the beau-tiful churches, noblepublic buildings, andworks of art whichnow fill the museumsindicate that mankindhas never, perhaps,reached a higher de-gree of perfection inthe arts of peace thanamidst the turmoil ofthis restless town (seebelow, Figs. 126,127).669. Rome, theCapital of the Pa-pacy. During the sameperiod in which Veniceand Florence becameleaders in wealth andrefinement Rome, thecapital of the popes,likewise underwent agreat change. Afterthe popes returnedfrom their seventyyears residence inFrance and Avignon(§635) they found the town in a dilapidated state. For yearsthey were able to do little to restore it, as there was a long periodduring which the papacy was weakened by the existence of a rivalline of popes who continued to live at Avignon. When the great. Fig. 119. The Palace of the MediciIN Florence This palace was erected about 1435 by Cosimodei Medici, and in it Lorenzo the Magnificent con-ducted the government of Florence and enter-tained the men of letters and artists with whom heliked best to associate. It shows how fortresslikethe lower portions of a Florentine palace were, inorder to protect the owner from attack 456 History of Europe
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