. Building Illinois' biological memory : a framework for long-term ecosystem monitoring. Environmental monitoring. cowbirds (briK)d parasilcs) to host species. Because birds are highly mobile, these indicators can reflect landscape conditions that extend beyond the boundaries of the habitat patches being investigated. Terrestrial insects are the third laxa group being monitored in forests, wetlands and grasslands. They are the most diverse group of terrestrial organisms, both in number of species and in behavioral and ecological traits. CTAP is the first statewide, long-term monitoring program
. Building Illinois' biological memory : a framework for long-term ecosystem monitoring. Environmental monitoring. cowbirds (briK)d parasilcs) to host species. Because birds are highly mobile, these indicators can reflect landscape conditions that extend beyond the boundaries of the habitat patches being investigated. Terrestrial insects are the third laxa group being monitored in forests, wetlands and grasslands. They are the most diverse group of terrestrial organisms, both in number of species and in behavioral and ecological traits. CTAP is the first statewide, long-term monitoring program in the to incorporate data on a wide variety of arthropod taxa (primarily insects). Because insects are so diverse, CTAP research scientists are using indicators at two scales: the diversity of morpho- species (species that appear the same based on body structure) and the diversity of homopterans (leafhoppers, plant hoppers, cicadas, etc.). Homopter- ans are diverse, occupy a wide variety of habitats and exhibit a range of habitat specialization, making them a useful surrogate for insects as a whole. In aquatic habitats, fishes are poten- tially good indicators of long-term impacts that occur over a range of scales, from individual stream sites to the watershed as a whole. They feed at various trophic levels (plants, insects, other fish), and are consumed by humans and other terrestrial species for food. Fishes are relatively easy to collect, are directly related to water quality standards used by many go\ emment agencies, and account for nearly half of the endangered vertebrate species and subspecies in the Moreover, environmental tolerance levels, life histories, and geographic distributions are better known for fishes than for any other group of freshwater organisms. Indicators generated from fish data include species richness, relative abundance, community structure (ratios of the different fish tvpes in each sample), and the divcrsjiy aiul abundance ol hybrids a
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