. Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Botany Oregon Ecology; Botany Washington (State) Ecology. Figure 156. — The Columbia Gorge, the only nearly sea level break in the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and a major route for plant and animal migration between the western and eastern halves of these States; Beacon Rock, a large monolith, is visible (left center) in this east-facing view through the center of the Gorge. Mountains, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus con- torta, and Pinus monticola are typical tree species at lower elevations and Abies lasio- carpa and Pinus albicaulis at higher e
. Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Botany Oregon Ecology; Botany Washington (State) Ecology. Figure 156. — The Columbia Gorge, the only nearly sea level break in the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and a major route for plant and animal migration between the western and eastern halves of these States; Beacon Rock, a large monolith, is visible (left center) in this east-facing view through the center of the Gorge. Mountains, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus con- torta, and Pinus monticola are typical tree species at lower elevations and Abies lasio- carpa and Pinus albicaulis at higher elevations. Juniperus communis and Arctostaphylos ne- vadensis are typical shrubs. Herbs are found in serpentine openings, talus, etc., such as Agro- pyron spicatum, Festuca uiridula, Poa curti- folia,* Eriogonum pyrolae folium* E. com- positum, Silene parryi, Thlaspi alpestre,* Ane- mone drummondii* Phlox diffusa, Arenaria ob tusiloba,* Claytonia nivalis,* Lomatium cuspidatum,* Douglasia nivalis,* Achillea mil- lefolium var. lanulosa, Senecio pauperculus, Cheilanthes siliquosa,* and Polystichum mohrioides var. lemmonii* Those species with asterisks (*) Kruckeberg31 considers ser- pentine indicator or character species. 31 Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1964. Plant life on serpen- tines and other ultramafic rocks in northwestern North America. 13 pp., mimeo. (from talk given at X Int. Bot. Congr., Edinburgh, Scotland). Serpentine areas in northwestern Washing- ton have similarly sparse, open vegetation and an abundance of barren rock (Kruckeberg 1964, 1967). Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhacomitium canescens var. eri- coides, and Cheilanthes siliquosa seem to be characteristic on Twin Sisters Mountain. Stunted Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contor- ta, Juniperus scopulorum, and Arbutus men- ziesii, along with dense herbaceous layers, are found on some of the San Juan serpentines. The Columbia Gorge The Columbia Gorge is an unusual physi- ographic feature which is of considerabl
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