. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. LILIACEAE 471 2820. A. fastigiata Dryand.—(Wilson, op. cit.)—In this species autogamy is excluded. Artificial self-pollination is ineffective. 2821. 912. Aspidistra Ker-Gawl. A. elatior Blume.—Delpino regards this species as micromyophilous {c/. Vol. I, p. 15), but J. Wilson (Bibl. No. 3662) is of opinion that snails effect pollination ; these slip through small openings in the flowers and usually bring about autogamy. 913. Colchicum L. Protogynous flowers w
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. LILIACEAE 471 2820. A. fastigiata Dryand.—(Wilson, op. cit.)—In this species autogamy is excluded. Artificial self-pollination is ineffective. 2821. 912. Aspidistra Ker-Gawl. A. elatior Blume.—Delpino regards this species as micromyophilous {c/. Vol. I, p. 15), but J. Wilson (Bibl. No. 3662) is of opinion that snails effect pollination ; these slip through small openings in the flowers and usually bring about autogamy. 913. Colchicum L. Protogynous flowers with concealed nectar, secreted by the thickened outer sides of the proximal ends of the free part of the filaments, and stored in furrows, 3-5 mm. long and covered with woolly hairs, at the bases of the perianth leaves. 2822. C. autum- nale L. (Sprengel, ','; Herm. Muller, ' Fertili- sation,' p. 556; Kirch- ner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 67; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' I, pp. 99-100; Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PL,' Eng. Ed. I, II, p. 374; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, PP- 3°7-8; Knuth, 'Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.,' ' Bliiten- biol. Notizen'; Warn- storf. Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) —In the large, bright- violet flowers of this species the stigmas are usually mature before the stamens, but remain receptive until the latter are ripe. If insects visit the flowers early, therefore, cross-pollination is ensured; if later, self-pollination is also possible, although rendered more difficult by the fact that the anthers turn their pollen-covered surfaces outwards and the stigmas often project later beyond the stamens, which were at first of the same length. Automatic self-pollination is possible when the flower closes or when the stigmas and anthers are at the same level. In these flowers, which open and close periodically, being open from about 9 a. m. until 6 p. m., homogamy or even protandry have been observed as well as protogyny. Kerner also o
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