. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography - - - 17h15m20* 17h16mOO' GMT-TIME-S 17h16m30' 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 2 l £ 6000 7000 _ 8000 9000 10000 1 1 1 SKYLAB II PASS 4 MODE 5 4 JUNE 1973 - I ^ BOI ^ TOF TOM •OGRAP «Y I I \l > \ A \ 17n15m20s 17n16m00' GMT-TIME-S 17n16m30' Let 198° 160° Fig. 8. (Topi Altimeter geoid heights referenced to a spheroid, as measured across western Puerto Rico by the Skylab S-193 altimeter; precision i
. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography - - - 17h15m20* 17h16mOO' GMT-TIME-S 17h16m30' 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 2 l £ 6000 7000 _ 8000 9000 10000 1 1 1 SKYLAB II PASS 4 MODE 5 4 JUNE 1973 - I ^ BOI ^ TOF TOM •OGRAP «Y I I \l > \ A \ 17n15m20s 17n16m00' GMT-TIME-S 17n16m30' Let 198° 160° Fig. 8. (Topi Altimeter geoid heights referenced to a spheroid, as measured across western Puerto Rico by the Skylab S-193 altimeter; precision is about ± 1 m. (Bottom) Bottom topography over a portion of the subsatellite track (NASA Wallops Flight Center). imately 5 days; the resolution is ap- proximately 15 km \Gloersen and Salomonson, 19751. Marine geoid. In a quite separ- ate category from the previous nb- servables is the marine or ocean geoid, defined as the surface assumed by a motionless uniform ocean under the influence of gravi- tational and rotational forces only. Geostrophic currents, tides, storm surges, setup, and waves lead to an ocean surface that departs from the geoid; the latter must then be known on a spatial grid with preci- sion at least as fine as that with which the observable is to be deter- mined. Although only preliminary data have been published, it appears altogether possible to measure rela- tive short-scale vertical variations in the marine geoid to ±20 cm and long-scale to perhaps ±100 cm along the subsatellite track over a grid spacing of order 25 km over all open ocean areas by using the altimeter and precise orbit deter- mination \Apel and Stry, 1974; Kaula, 1970; Apel, 1972; Apel and Byrne, 1974; McGoogan et al., 1975!. Data from Skylab I McGoogan et al., 19751 and Geos 3 (H. R. Stanley, pri- vate communication, 1975) support this view. Some of the data from Skylab are illustrated in Figure 8, which shows the variation in rela- tive geoid height and water depth along the subs
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