. The physiology of the domestic animals; a text-book for veterinary and medical students and practitioners. Physiology, Comparative; Domestic animals. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 217 extremit}', or the rudiment of the gizzard, membranous, while in the horse the reverse holds. In the hog (Fig. 15) the division into pouches is more marked by the appearance of a distinct, curved, conical diverticulum at the cardiac extremity of the stomach. In the porcupine three or four contractions are marked, and in the kangaroo, porpoise and other ceta- ceans, and many rodents a large number
. The physiology of the domestic animals; a text-book for veterinary and medical students and practitioners. Physiology, Comparative; Domestic animals. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS. 217 extremit}', or the rudiment of the gizzard, membranous, while in the horse the reverse holds. In the hog (Fig. 15) the division into pouches is more marked by the appearance of a distinct, curved, conical diverticulum at the cardiac extremity of the stomach. In the porcupine three or four contractions are marked, and in the kangaroo, porpoise and other ceta- ceans, and many rodents a large number of dilatations, separated by marked constrictions, are to be noticed (Fig. T6). In other animals this complication is not only in external form, but also in internal structure, the highest degree of complexity being found in the ruminant, where the stomach, so called, is divided into four distinct gastric sacs, com- municating with each other only by small orifices, whose function and structure will occupy us later (Fig. 7T). This complication is found not. Fig. 76.—Stomach of the Dugong, after Sir Everard Home. A cardiac portion of stomach; B, pyloric portion: 'C, constriction between the two; D D, tnbular prolongations of the stomach; F, ossophagus; G, intestine. only in mammals, but also in birds; but, whatever may be the external form of the organ, the function is always the same,—to supply an acid secretion for the solution and digestion of certain constituents of the food,—and where reservoirs are present their function is simply to retain food until, as in the case of the ruminant, it may be again masti- cated ; or in all cases to enable the food to undergo preparatory changes before being subjected to the action of the gastric secretion. The intestine is the prolongation of the stomach, and its shape as a canal is again regained. In its simplest form in the lowest animals it is a short tube of uniform size, with the same structure and properties from one end to th
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