Medieval and modern times; an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Fig. 99. Oliver CromwellThis portrait is by Peter Lely and was painted in 1653 town surrendered to Cromwells army, and in 1652, after muchcruelty, the island was once more conquered. A large part of itwas confiscated for the benefit of the English, and the Catholiclandowners were driven into the mountains. In the meantime(1650) Charles II, who had taken refuge in France, had landed inScotland, and upon his agreeing to be a Presbyterian king, thewhole Scotch
Medieval and modern times; an introduction to the history of western Europe form the dissolution of the Roman empire to the present time . Fig. 99. Oliver CromwellThis portrait is by Peter Lely and was painted in 1653 town surrendered to Cromwells army, and in 1652, after muchcruelty, the island was once more conquered. A large part of itwas confiscated for the benefit of the English, and the Catholiclandowners were driven into the mountains. In the meantime(1650) Charles II, who had taken refuge in France, had landed inScotland, and upon his agreeing to be a Presbyterian king, thewhole Scotch nation was ready to support him. But Scotland wassubdued by Cromwell even more promptly than Ireland had been. 378 Medieval and Modern Times So completely was the Scottish army destroyed that Cromwellfound no need to draw the sword again in the British Fig. ioo. Great Seal of England under theCommonwealth, 1651 This seal is reduced considerably in the reproduction. It gives us an idea of the appearance of a session of the House of Commons when England was for a short period a republic. It is still to-day the custom for members to sit with their hats on, except when making a speech The Naviga- Although it would seem that Cromwell had enough to keep l him busy at home, he had already engaged in a victorious foreign war against the Dutch, who had become dangerous commercial rivals of England. The ships which went out from Struggle in England between King and Parliament 379 Amsterdam and Rotterdam were the best merchant vessels inthe world and had got control of the carrying trade betweenEurope and the colonies. In order to put an end to this, theEnglish Parliament passed the Navigation Act (1651), whichpermitted only English vessels to bring goods to England,unless the goods came in vessels belonging to the countrywhich had produced th
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