. The elements of railroad engineering . nings. — An opening, open culvert, or stringer bridge,consists of two abutments, which are designed as retaining walls,on top of each of which lies a plank, 3 by 12 inches, called a wallplate, on which rest the ends of the stringers that csirry the abutments are either carried out straight (in which case theyare as long as the embankment is wide at the base), or the portionoutside of the road-bed is turned at an angle of 120 to 135 degrees,as shown in Fig. 28, page 74. These wing walls, or straight endwalls, are either sloped down with the emb
. The elements of railroad engineering . nings. — An opening, open culvert, or stringer bridge,consists of two abutments, which are designed as retaining walls,on top of each of which lies a plank, 3 by 12 inches, called a wallplate, on which rest the ends of the stringers that csirry the abutments are either carried out straight (in which case theyare as long as the embankment is wide at the base), or the portionoutside of the road-bed is turned at an angle of 120 to 135 degrees,as shown in Fig. 28, page 74. These wing walls, or straight endwalls, are either sloped down with the embankment or are steppeddown. If of masonry, they are usually stepped; if of concrete,they are perhaps generally sloped. When built of masonry the abutments are of random rangemasonry with rubble backing; are not less than 3 feet thick atthe top, and at the bottom not less than t% of the height. The OPENINGS 63 safer rule is to make the bottom thickness half the height. Thewing walls need not be more than 2^ feet thick on top. The front.
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, booksubjectrailroadengineering
