. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . mpactfrom the old standard 20-ton car at thethen maximum speed of 20 miles an would therefore appear that flat spotsshould be reduced from 2X in. to a max-imum of lyi in. There is a lot of argument to-day inregard to the length, and the angle, atwhich brake head hangers should be hung,and we are told that flat spots on wheelsare frequently caused on this account;and on our latest freight cars we areusing longer hangers, and trying to rem-edy the bad effects caused by tilting ofshoe th


. Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock . mpactfrom the old standard 20-ton car at thethen maximum speed of 20 miles an would therefore appear that flat spotsshould be reduced from 2X in. to a max-imum of lyi in. There is a lot of argument to-day inregard to the length, and the angle, atwhich brake head hangers should be hung,and we are told that flat spots on wheelsare frequently caused on this account;and on our latest freight cars we areusing longer hangers, and trying to rem-edy the bad effects caused by tilting ofshoe through short hangers, and drag-ging of shoe on wheel; and on passengertracks the clasp brake is a remedy forthe ills of the old time brake gear, sothis is one case where in passenger ser-vice an improvement is gradually takingplace. In summing up, therefore, it appearsthat a larger wheel base, say 6 ft. approx-imately for freight cars, would be animprovement over present standards, anda thorough study of the cause of flatspots on wheels should be made to elim-inate this trouble and also a reduction. I)I.\(;ram no. 2, SHOWING WHEEL SUSPENDED IIEFORE DELIVERING HAMMERBLOW ON LOWER RAIL limit from 2]/^ in. to I/i in. would notonly lessen the impact and damage tothe rail, but should prove economicalfrom the standpoint of service life ofwheels. made in maximum length from 2/2 I/i in. on freight car wheels, andthereby contribute to the growing spiritof the needed economy in railway prac-tice. RAILWAY AND LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING June, 1919 The Plastic Arc System of Welding Hv J. O. Smith The rapidly growing use of electricity cessfiil welding of the damaged i)arts of as a means of the joining of metals, in the interned German ships at New York repairing cracks or l)rcaks, salvaging de- at the oiithreak of the war in the spring fcctivc castings and for metal cutting of 1917. It was then recDgnized beyond purposes, all included under the general a doubt that electric welilin;; could


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