First published 1916 Sumerian text dictionary 5000 year Babylon
Sumer "land of the civilized kings" or "native land" was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Although the earliest historical records in the region do not go back much further than ca. 2900 BC, modern historians have asserted that Sumer was first settled between ca. 4500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic people who may or may not have spoken the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc. as evidence). These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",[3] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia (Assyria). Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.[3] However, some scholars such as Piotr Michalowski and Gerd Steiner, contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the third millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians (who spoke a Language Isolate) and the Semitic Akkadian speakers, which included widespread bilingualism.[8] The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.[8] This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.[8] Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the
Size: 2779px × 3887px
Photo credit: © SOTK2011 / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
Model Released: No
Keywords: -fashioned, 0riginal, 1914, 1916, 20th, 2d, 5000, age, age., aged, ancient, antiquarian, antique, antiquity, art, artistic, babylon, babylonian, black, book, bronze, bw, bygone, century, chalcolithic, civilization, civilized, color, colour, copy, dictionary, dot, drawing, earliest, early, empire, figure, formal, front, graphic, halftone, heritage, historic, historical, history, illustrated, illustration, image, iraq, kings, land, mesopotamia, modern, monotone, national, native, obscure, obsolete, paper, period, photo, photograph, pictorial, picture, portrait, pre, press, print, printed, printing, publication, publicity, published, rare, real, realism, realistic, records, reference, region, relief, replica, represent, repro, reproduction, retro, romantic, screen, social, southern, standard, studio, style, sumer, sumerian, text, time, title, unusual, vintage, white, writin, writing, year
