. The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldaea . om received, in very early times, a political organization as strong and as completeas that of the southern kingdom (Maspero, Études Égyptiennes, vol. ii. p. 244, et seq.). 3 The site of Thinis is not yet satisfactorily identified. It is neither at Kom-es-Sultân, asMariette thought {Notice des principaux Monuments, 1864, p. 285), nor, according to the hypothesisof A. Schmidt, at El-Kherbeh {Die Griechischen Papyrus-Urkunden der Konigliehen Bibliothek zuBerlin, pp. 69-79). Brugsch has proposed to fix the site at the village of Tineh (Geogr. Insch
. The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldaea . om received, in very early times, a political organization as strong and as completeas that of the southern kingdom (Maspero, Études Égyptiennes, vol. ii. p. 244, et seq.). 3 The site of Thinis is not yet satisfactorily identified. It is neither at Kom-es-Sultân, asMariette thought {Notice des principaux Monuments, 1864, p. 285), nor, according to the hypothesisof A. Schmidt, at El-Kherbeh {Die Griechischen Papyrus-Urkunden der Konigliehen Bibliothek zuBerlin, pp. 69-79). Brugsch has proposed to fix the site at the village of Tineh (Geogr. Inschri/ten, UNCERTAINTY OF TEE BEGINNING: MENES OF THINIS. 231 it was the metropolis, occupied the valley from one mountain range to theother, and gradually extended across the desert as far as the Great Its inhabitants worshipped a sky-god, Anhûri, or rather two twin gods,Anhûri-Shû, who were speedily amalgamated with the solar deities and becamea warlike personification of Râ. Anhûri-Shû, like all the other solar manifesta-. PLAN OF THE RUINS OF ABYDOS, MADE BY MARIETTE IN 18G5 AND 1875. tions, came to be associated with a goddess having the form or head of a lioness—a Sokhît, who took for the occasion the epithet of Mîhît, the northern of the dead from this city are buried on the other side of the Nile,near the modern village of Mesheikh, at the foot of the Arabian chain,whose steep cliffs here approach somewhat near the river :3 the principal vol. i. p. 207), near Berdis, and is followed in this by Diimichen (Geschichte JEgyptens, p. 151). Thepresent tendency is to identify it either with Girgeli itself, or with one of the small neighbouringtowns—for example, Birbeh—where there are some ancient ruins (Mariette-Maspero, Monumentsdivers, text, pp. 2G, 27 ; Sayce, Gleanings from the Land of Egypt, in the Recueil de Travaux, vol. 65); this was also the opinion of Champollion and of Nestor Lhôte (Eecueil de Travaux, vol. 72,
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