Outlines of the world's history, ancient, mediæval, and modern, with special relation to the history of civilization and the progress of mankind .. . 298 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 236. When Charles VIII. of France, crossing the Alps,invaded Italy, Florence was rudely Medicis were then banished from Flor-ence; but they were restored in A. d. 1512. The republic,however, did not long endure. Its extinction dates fromA. D. 1537, when Cosmo I. was proclaimed Duke of Flor-ence. In A. D. 1569 he was created by the Pope Grand Dukeof Tuscany. But this carries us beyond the period of theMiddle Age
Outlines of the world's history, ancient, mediæval, and modern, with special relation to the history of civilization and the progress of mankind .. . 298 MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 236. When Charles VIII. of France, crossing the Alps,invaded Italy, Florence was rudely Medicis were then banished from Flor-ence; but they were restored in A. d. 1512. The republic,however, did not long endure. Its extinction dates fromA. D. 1537, when Cosmo I. was proclaimed Duke of Flor-ence. In A. D. 1569 he was created by the Pope Grand Dukeof Tuscany. But this carries us beyond the period of theMiddle Ages, and we shall return to Italy under ModernHistory. 5. SPAIN. 237. It has already been seen that Spain was over-Condition whelmed by a Saracenic deluge in the early under Moham- ^ , o i »-m ^i • • i • medan rule. part of the 8th century. 1 he Christian king-dom was almost utterly crushed. However, after a timethe Mohammedan dominions were split up among a num-. ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 299 ber of petty sovereigns, and the Christians began graduallyto conquer back what had been lost. 238. The kingdom of Navarre was founded in a. d. 873,the kingdom of Aragon in a. d. 1035, the king- Rise of Span-dom of Castile in a. d. 1026. Leon and Astu- ^^^ kingdoms,rias were added in a. d. 1037, and Ferdinand of Leon andCastile added Cordova, Toledo, and Seville between a. and A. D. 1248. 239. The Kingdom of Spain was formed by the union ofCastile and Aragon, by the marriage of Ferdi- unification ofnand and Isabella, and in a. d. 149i, Granada, Spam. the last of the Mohammedan possessions, was wrested fromthe Moors by Ferdinand and Isabella. In the long cam-paign against the Moors the court moved with the army,and Columbus, who was then soliciting the aid of theSpanish sovereigns in his great enterprise, moved with is an interesting fact that the formal arrangement, orcapitulations, between Isabella and Columbus is dated fromthe Vega (or plain) of G
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