Contributions in geographical exploration . edas we extended our exploration through the Valley, for thenit became evident that the area covered by it was much greaterthan had appeared from the head of the Valley. First wc foundthe branch valley heading in the Broken Mountains coveredwith it. Then we saw the great valley between the BrokenMountains and Knife Peak all filled in the same way, clearback to Novarupta Volcano, forming with the main valley acomplete circuit around the Broken Mountains. Finally, 120 l^he Ohio Journal of Science [Vol. XIX, No. 2, before we came to its extremity, we ha
Contributions in geographical exploration . edas we extended our exploration through the Valley, for thenit became evident that the area covered by it was much greaterthan had appeared from the head of the Valley. First wc foundthe branch valley heading in the Broken Mountains coveredwith it. Then we saw the great valley between the BrokenMountains and Knife Peak all filled in the same way, clearback to Novarupta Volcano, forming with the main valley acomplete circuit around the Broken Mountains. Finally, 120 l^he Ohio Journal of Science [Vol. XIX, No. 2, before we came to its extremity, we had reached a distance of20 miles (32 km.) from the point where we first encounteredTt back of Observation Mountain, and 15 miles (24 km.) fromthe divide back of Novarupta Volcano. Altogether it occupiesan area of 53 square miles (137 sq. km.). At its highest points,on the divide back of Novarupta and in Katmai Pass, it reachesan altitude of about 3,()00 feet, while at the other extremity itextends down to within about 300 feet of sea Photograph by J. D. Sayre HOODOO NEAR FISSURE LAKE. Characteristic Hoodoo weathered out of the solidified mud near Fissure Lake. The stratified ash from Katmai lying on top of the massive mud flow is well shown at both right and left. Everywhere, in appearance and structure, this formationclosely resembles the Katmai mud flow. In color and characterthe material of the two are of almost identical appearance,being darker and finer than the other ejecta of the recenteruption. They have the same total absence of stratification orof horizontal cleavage planes, contrasting most strongly withthe thin beds of the stratified ash. Where cut into by erosionor sheared by faulting, they break with irregular fracturesrunning in any direction with the line of stress. By reason ofthe character of their cleavage, they are often broken or weath- Dec, 1918] The Great Hot Mud FUn 121 ered into the most fantastic l)locks, like the hoodoos of thebad land region,
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