. The steam-engine and other heat-motors . lumes. Explosive Effect. 1 None 1 Slight 1 6 to Heavy 1 7 to 9 Very heavy 1 10 to 13 Heavy 1 14 to 16 Slight 1 17 to Very slight 1 18 to 22 None Even if the best mixture of gas and air is used, three-fourths tofour-fifths of the heat is wasted either in the jackets, exhausts, orradiation. Indicator- and Entropy-cards. — The theoretical cards from4-cycle and 2-cycle engines using any explosive mixture are iden-tical. The card from the Diesel oil-engine, however, differs in GAS-ENGINES AND GAS-PRODUCERS. 491 a few particulars. The
. The steam-engine and other heat-motors . lumes. Explosive Effect. 1 None 1 Slight 1 6 to Heavy 1 7 to 9 Very heavy 1 10 to 13 Heavy 1 14 to 16 Slight 1 17 to Very slight 1 18 to 22 None Even if the best mixture of gas and air is used, three-fourths tofour-fifths of the heat is wasted either in the jackets, exhausts, orradiation. Indicator- and Entropy-cards. — The theoretical cards from4-cycle and 2-cycle engines using any explosive mixture are iden-tical. The card from the Diesel oil-engine, however, differs in GAS-ENGINES AND GAS-PRODUCERS. 491 a few particulars. The practical card. Fig. 18%, differs verymaterially from the theoretical one, taking some such form asABCDFBA, or, when the engine is not properly adjusted, somesuch form as that indicated by ABCDEBA. The entropy analysis given below is based on an article byProfessor Reeve, Trans. A. S. M. E., Vol. XXIV. The line AB of the indicator-card (Fig. 254) is represented bythe point B in the entropy diagram (Fig. 258), since the position **--?. Fig. 258. of B is sufficient to indicate the thermal characteristics of the fujlgas charge. If the compression is truly adiabalic, BC is thecourse of our tracing-point. If the walls absorb heat there will bea loss of entropy, and the tracing-point will wander to the charge is fired and the gas is heated at constant volume, sothat the piston is practically stationary during the formation oflines CD or CD. To prevent overheating the cylinder walls, awater-jacket which abstracts heat and wastes it must be appliedfor mechanical reasons. Its effect in decreasing economy is seenin the difference of the positions of D and D. If the expan-sion were truly adiabatic the straight line DE would be careful plotting of the entropy changes would give some such 492 THE STEAM-ENGINE AND OTHER HEAT-MOTORS. line as DZE. The initial decrease in entropy of the line DZindicates a very rapid loss of heat, but the swerving of the curveZK to the rig
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