. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 26 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 115 14 80-, 70- 60- "3 SO- CO *>40- 20- 10- 12 II i â 18 I I 13 I 1 1 ^ W I 1! I M 18 II I I 1 I 1 45 I If 1 8 14 I. I1 GAINES KEENE TWEED i r DOURO RAILWAY POGUE KNOX HIGHWAY Figure 3. Mean duration of visits (in minutes) for adults in each family. Vertical bars represent standard errors. The numbers above each bar represent the total number of visits to the den by that individual. The means are based on the number of visits for which the actual duration was known. (Highway and Tweed families: male
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 26 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 115 14 80-, 70- 60- "3 SO- CO *>40- 20- 10- 12 II i â 18 I I 13 I 1 1 ^ W I 1! I M 18 II I I 1 I 1 45 I If 1 8 14 I. I1 GAINES KEENE TWEED i r DOURO RAILWAY POGUE KNOX HIGHWAY Figure 3. Mean duration of visits (in minutes) for adults in each family. Vertical bars represent standard errors. The numbers above each bar represent the total number of visits to the den by that individual. The means are based on the number of visits for which the actual duration was known. (Highway and Tweed families: male absent during my observation period), as a proportion of the total number of prey items that the kits received. The Gaines and Knox males were the most attentive fathers, contributing 64 % and 46 % of the total number of food items respectively. The males of three families, Douro, Railway and Pogue, provided only 20 % of the food items. The third adult (a helper, see below) in the Keene family contributed 41 % of the total food items, more than the female or the male in the family (each provided 29 % of the food items). Figure 7 shows the types of food items that males and females were observed to bring to the cubs. Small rodents constituted the bulk of the food items for both males and females. More groundhogs were brought to the den by males than females (13 % vs. 1 %). Only the Tweed vixen was observed bringing a groundhog to the kits. Behavioral comparisons between males and females Figure 8 shows the average proportion of time that males and females spent in different behaviours. Aside from nursing, the main difference between males and females seems to be in time spent in vigi- lant behaviour (females 35 %, males 60 %), and grooming the kits (females 12 %, males 2 %). Four of the six males groomed the young (Gaines, Keene, Douro and Knox), and did so a lower proportion of time than the respective females (Gaines: 1 % vs. 5 %; Keene: 4 % vs. 12 %; Douro: 4 % vs. 30%; Kno
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