. A practical treatise on medical diagnosis for students and physicians . g tissue, and the heart, vessels,sternum, spine, and mediastinal structures are practically the only impedi-ments. These same conditions make possible the study of cardiac FL UOEOSCOPIC EXAMINA TION. 545 expansion and of the movements of the diaphragm—observations impos-sible on the skiagraph. Moreover, these examinations can be made prac-tically as often as desired in the study of thoracic lesions, and take littletime or trouble, whereas the two latter factors require the number ofskiagraphs to be limited. By the fluoro
. A practical treatise on medical diagnosis for students and physicians . g tissue, and the heart, vessels,sternum, spine, and mediastinal structures are practically the only impedi-ments. These same conditions make possible the study of cardiac FL UOEOSCOPIC EXAMINA TION. 545 expansion and of the movements of the diaphragm—observations impos-sible on the skiagraph. Moreover, these examinations can be made prac-tically as often as desired in the study of thoracic lesions, and take littletime or trouble, whereas the two latter factors require the number ofskiagraphs to be limited. By the fluoroscopic method the organs orlesions of the chest may be viewed in several different positions, and thedegree of penetration of the rays can easily be regulated to suit thecase. In short, the use of the fluoroscope gives us more general informa-tion in a much shorter space of time than skiagraphy, and shows condi-tions impossible to demonstrate by the latter method, which, however,preserves a permanent representation instead of a mental impression ordiagram on a Fluoroscopic examination: Crooks tube and standard Queen radiographic table, with plate-holdersremoved and tube underneath. Not only should the #-ray be used for such aid as it can give in thediagnosis of all thoracic lesions and to add to our experience in learningits value, but it should also be applied in all cases that may be called obscure. In such cases the physical examination should be made first,so as to aid the fluoroscopic examination later. The latter in turn maybring to view some condition different from the suspected one, and thusalter the diagnosis, which should be as well founded as possible before-hand. The ar-ray frequently shows some lesion within the thorax thatcan not be detected by the older methods of diagnosis. For example,phthisis, central pneumonia, aneurisms without physical signs, and theposition of the heart. Diaphragm. The diaphragm makes a clear shadow upon the skia-graphy plate be
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