China: Emperor Wen (202 BCE – 157 BCE), fifth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty ( BCE). Illustration, c. 1498. Emperor Wen of Han, personal name Liu Heng and temple name Taizong, was the fifth emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. In a move of lasting importance in 165 BCE, Emperor Wen introduced recruitment to the civil service through examinations. Previously, potential officials never sat for any sort of academic examinations. Their names were sent by local officials to the central government based on reputations and abilities, which were sometimes judged subjectively.

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