. Cold-water Coral Reefs: out of sight - no longer out of mind. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 22. Cold-water coral reefs. Figure 13: (A) View of the outer living zone and inner dead coral framework zone of L. pertusa from the Sula Reef. (Bl Cross-section of L. pertusa skeleton showing the presumed annually deposited incremental layers Photo A the JAGO-Team. B Kai Kaszemeik. IPAL has decreaseci considerably until the present IDi Geronimo et al., in pressl. The spread of Lopheiia northwards in the northeast Atlantic during the climatic warming that followed the last glacial period can be reconst
. Cold-water Coral Reefs: out of sight - no longer out of mind. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 22. Cold-water coral reefs. Figure 13: (A) View of the outer living zone and inner dead coral framework zone of L. pertusa from the Sula Reef. (Bl Cross-section of L. pertusa skeleton showing the presumed annually deposited incremental layers Photo A the JAGO-Team. B Kai Kaszemeik. IPAL has decreaseci considerably until the present IDi Geronimo et al., in pressl. The spread of Lopheiia northwards in the northeast Atlantic during the climatic warming that followed the last glacial period can be reconstructed by radiocarbon dating of fossil corals. During the last glacial maximum, 18 000 years ago, Lopheiia occurred in the central northeast Atlantic on the seamounts off Gibraltar and off northwest Africa, between 33 and 35°N (Schroder- Ritzrau etal. in pressl. Around 12 000 to 10 GOO years ago, the coral began recolonizing the carbonate mounds found in the Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough at 51 to 55°N |Franl< et in pressl. The oldest radiocarbon ages obtained from Lopheiia in Norwegian waters (from 60 to 6^°N| cluster around 8 600 years ago (Mikkelsen et 1982; Hovland et al, 20021. This postglacial northward movement of Lopheiia from the central northeast Atlantic to the mid-Norwegian Shelf took place within 10 000 years and represented a northwards change in limit of 3 500 km. During the same period, the Mediterranean coral ecosystems were in decline due to sea warming. Lopheiia pertusa tolerates salinity values from as low as 32%o in Scandinavian fjords to at least in the Ionian Sea IStremgren. 1971; TavlanI et In pressl. Geographic regions where coral ecosystems may be vulnerable either to an increase or to a decrease in salinity are the Mediterranean Sea and the Scandinavian fjords. In the latter case, such as in the Swedish Kosterfjord, Lopheiia lives only a few metres below a permanent brackish surface water lens IWisshak et in pr
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