. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: the Americas. Brazil ing part of the country, dwarfing the effect of population increase through reproduction. People from northeastern Brazil have been entering the eastern Amazon, especially the Carajas area. Northeasterners fleeing droughts have also gone to south- central Brazil, and the people from that region, especially the state of Parana, have been moving to the Amazonian state of Rondonia in great numbers since the early 1980s. The best agri- cultural areas in Rondonia are now fully occupied (Feamside, 1986a) and population overflow has b
. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: the Americas. Brazil ing part of the country, dwarfing the effect of population increase through reproduction. People from northeastern Brazil have been entering the eastern Amazon, especially the Carajas area. Northeasterners fleeing droughts have also gone to south- central Brazil, and the people from that region, especially the state of Parana, have been moving to the Amazonian state of Rondonia in great numbers since the early 1980s. The best agri- cultural areas in Rondonia are now fully occupied (Feamside, 1986a) and population overflow has been moving to Roraima. About 76 per cent of the population live in cities; the largest in Amazonia are Belem (1992 population of million) and Manaus (1 million). The creation of a tax free zone in Manaus in 1967 caused the city to grow at an astounding rate until about 1990, doubling in size every eight years. Brazil's economic cri- sis has since reduced subsidies to the free zone, resulting in a reduction in employment levels and the return of some of the population to the Amazonian interior. Other cities in the Amazon have grown mainly through migration from outside of the region. In the case of Rondonia. migration has been increas- ingly from city to city, rather than the countryside to city pattern that predominated in the past. The economy of Amazonia has long been based on different forms of resource mining, with little concern for sustainability of production (see Feamside, 1990a). Since the late 1960s, cat- tle ranching has been a major activity in Amazonia. This is a result of major road construction improving access to the area and the introduction of African grasses to the region. The prin- cipal source of income from ranching is often land speculation rather than the sale of beef. Foot and mouth disease prevents beef export in frozen form to Europe, North America and Japan, leaving only the much smaller export markets for canned prod- ucts to these major consumi
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