. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. 382 Dr. N. SevertzofF on the Mammals of Turhestan. Even in captivity the difference in the colour can be noticed, which probably depends upon the climate, as the specimen of C canadensis in the Berlin Zoological Gardens is greyer in summer than the specimen in the Moscow Gardens. I have also noticed the fact that Equus kemtonusy which in summer is dun and in winter mouse-grey on the steppes, has remained mouse-grey all the year round in the menagerie of St. Petersburg. On the
. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. 382 Dr. N. SevertzofF on the Mammals of Turhestan. Even in captivity the difference in the colour can be noticed, which probably depends upon the climate, as the specimen of C canadensis in the Berlin Zoological Gardens is greyer in summer than the specimen in the Moscow Gardens. I have also noticed the fact that Equus kemtonusy which in summer is dun and in winter mouse-grey on the steppes, has remained mouse-grey all the year round in the menagerie of St. Petersburg. On the other hand, the differ- ence between C. maral and C. elajjJius is very ancient, and originated at a period of time Avhen Europe and Asia were separated by the sea, which at the Pliocene period occupied the present deserts of Persia, Turcomania, the Kirgies steppe, and Barbary (in the western portion of Siberia), as far as the Arctic Ocean, thus connecting it with the Indian Ocean. These deserts and steppes prove, by their salt lakes and plains and the shells that are now and then dug out of the ground, that here there was once a sea; and at present they form the limit where C. elaphus and C. maral meet each other. This limit at different times has been different. There was a time when C. elaphus was distributed as far as the Ural mountains ; this is proved by a horn which was dug out of the bed of the Ural river, a little below the town of Ural, and which is now in the Ural Army Museum. I give a drawing of it here. Judging from the form of the crown of this horn, it certainly be- longs to C. elaphuSy and does not differ at all from the recent horns of that species. It is true that in the present specimen the antlers are more curved; but some specimens are also met with in which they are quite straight. The present specimen, how- ever, is typical in the varied directions of the crown-points, which I have shown to be the best characteristic of the horns of C. elaphus, and which a
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