. The comparative anatomy of the domesticated animals. Horses; Veterinary anatomy. 592 CIRCULATORY APPARATUS. are divided with the point of the scalpel, care beiug taken not to injure the proper fibres. Then, with the aid of the finger-nail or handle of the scalpel, follow the more or less artificial limit of these two series of museuhir planes in a spiral manner; the vessels passing through the walls of the heurt must be cut through. The same course is followed in the substance of the inter- ventricular septum, in order to separate tlie two sacs formed by the proper fibres. (It will be fonnd
. The comparative anatomy of the domesticated animals. Horses; Veterinary anatomy. 592 CIRCULATORY APPARATUS. are divided with the point of the scalpel, care beiug taken not to injure the proper fibres. Then, with the aid of the finger-nail or handle of the scalpel, follow the more or less artificial limit of these two series of museuhir planes in a spiral manner; the vessels passing through the walls of the heurt must be cut through. The same course is followed in the substance of the inter- ventricular septum, in order to separate tlie two sacs formed by the proper fibres. (It will be fonnd that the simplest and best svay to prepare the heart for an examination of its fibres, is to steep it in a very weak dilution of hydrochloric acid. Remove "the serous membrane, and the fibres can then be traced, layer by layer, from their origin to their termination.) The muscular tissue composing the heart rests on a fibrous framework, dis- posed in rings around the auriculo-ventricular and arterial openings ; it receives Fig. . AURICULO-VKNTRICl'LAR FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS RINGS. 1, Pulmonary artery, 2, superior border of the infundibulum; 3, aorta; 4, sigmoid or semilunar valves ; 5, bulgings of the aorta corresponding to the semilunar valves ; ii, left auriclo-ventricular opening; 7, right ditto; 8, left fibro-cartilaginousring; 9, right ditto; 10, the two rings meeting together in the middle line. vessels and nerves, and while covered in the internal cavities by two independent serous membranes, it is enveloped, externally, by another membrane of the same kind. An annular frametvork, muscular tissue proper, vessels and nerves, and serous tunics—such are the elements entering into the structure of the heart. A. Fibrous Rings, or Tendinous Rings of Lower.—These are also named the fibrous zones of the heart, and are four in number : one for each of the openings at the base of the ventricles. The two arterial zones (the pulmonary and aortic) constitute two complete r
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