. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1995 Nagorsen, Keddie, and Hebda: Early HoLOCENfE Black Bears 13. Figure 2. Ventral view of BCPM 17198 skull. premolar (p^) to posterior alveoli of third mandibular molar (m3). Six cranial measurements based on Manning (1971) were taken to the nearest mm: basilar length (BAL), length from anterior extremity of premaxilla (excluding teeth) to anterior extension of foramen magnum; palatal length (PAL), length from anterior extremity of premaxilla to the posterior border of palate; interorbital breadth (IB), minimum width between orbits measured a
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1995 Nagorsen, Keddie, and Hebda: Early HoLOCENfE Black Bears 13. Figure 2. Ventral view of BCPM 17198 skull. premolar (p^) to posterior alveoli of third mandibular molar (m3). Six cranial measurements based on Manning (1971) were taken to the nearest mm: basilar length (BAL), length from anterior extremity of premaxilla (excluding teeth) to anterior extension of foramen magnum; palatal length (PAL), length from anterior extremity of premaxilla to the posterior border of palate; interorbital breadth (IB), minimum width between orbits measured across the frontals; supraorbital breadth (SB), maximum breadth across supraorbital processes; least cranial breadth (LCB), minimum width of cranium posterior to the supraor- bital processes; mastoid breadth (MB), maximum width across mastoid processes. Analyses Comparative reference samples of U. americanus and U. arctos consisted of historical museum speci- mens (Appendix I). For U. americanus, we used 32. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club
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