. Forging of iron and steel, a text book for the use of students in colleges, secondary schools and the shop . o bend bar iron flatwise than edge-wise. Along the center of the bar(a-a) (Fig. 97) or the neutral axis,as it is called, the bending isperformed without stretching orshortening the fibers, but on theconvex side of this neutral axis all the fibers are greater the distance is from (a-a), the greater theextension. Again, all the fibers on the concave side areshortened or compressed and the greater the distance,the greater the compression; therefore, the greater thedistance
. Forging of iron and steel, a text book for the use of students in colleges, secondary schools and the shop . o bend bar iron flatwise than edge-wise. Along the center of the bar(a-a) (Fig. 97) or the neutral axis,as it is called, the bending isperformed without stretching orshortening the fibers, but on theconvex side of this neutral axis all the fibers are greater the distance is from (a-a), the greater theextension. Again, all the fibers on the concave side areshortened or compressed and the greater the distance,the greater the compression; therefore, the greater thedistance (b) the more the work that must be done inthe extension and compression. Also the metal tendsto wrinkle or buckle and must be kept straight byhammering. Flat Bend.— Bending a piece of iron the flat way tosome angle is the most simple case of bending. Supposea piece of rectangular iron is to be. bent to a right angle,the corner (a) (Fig. 99) to be left rounded. The iron isheated to a bright red heat at the place where the bendis to be made, rested on the face of the anvil with the BENDING AND TWISTING 69. Fig. 98 heated place over the round edge (Fig. 98), and the pro-jecting edge hit with the hammer at (6) and (c) (), till the piece is brought to the desired angle asshown by thedotted Itis then trued upon the face of theanvil. The piececan often be bentmore easily if asledge is held asshown in Fig. to Uis done by heat-ing the piece at the place where bending is desired andthe will be taken up in the bend, placingthe piece with the center of the heated portion overthat part of the horn where the diameter is about thesame as the diameter of the bend desired, and striking the free end untilit is bent to a rightangle as shown inFig. 101. End (a)is grasped in thetongs and (6) bentin a similar piece is nextplaced on the faceof the anvil and struck at (c). If one end should beslightly longer than the other, stand the longer end on
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