. Applied bacteriology for nurses. n-strated that while the tubercle bacillus found in cows isnot of the same variety as that which produces pulmonarytuberculosis in adults, it is nevertheless able to set up evenfatal tuberculous processes in small children and infants. Typhoid fever is not infrequently spread by means ofmilk; the bacillus is introduced into the milk directly,through uncleanly habits of the milkers, among whomthere may be a so-called carrier, that is, an apparentlyperfectly healthy individual who harbors in his intestinesvirulent typhoid bacilli, or, indirectly, by contaminate
. Applied bacteriology for nurses. n-strated that while the tubercle bacillus found in cows isnot of the same variety as that which produces pulmonarytuberculosis in adults, it is nevertheless able to set up evenfatal tuberculous processes in small children and infants. Typhoid fever is not infrequently spread by means ofmilk; the bacillus is introduced into the milk directly,through uncleanly habits of the milkers, among whomthere may be a so-called carrier, that is, an apparentlyperfectly healthy individual who harbors in his intestinesvirulent typhoid bacilli, or, indirectly, by contaminatedwater which has been used to wash utensils, etc. Asiatic cholera, dysentery, and similar diseases maybe spread in the same manner, but are probably onlyinfrequently disseminated in this way. Epidemics of BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK 139 scarlet fever and diphtheria, however, have been di-rectly traced to contaminated milk. It is important to keep flies from milk. A fly canreadily infect milk through the filth which it carries onits Fig. 46. —Colonies of bacteria transplanted by a flys feet(Magruder). When properly supervised by the health authorities,pasteurization of the milk offers the best protectionagainst all these various infections. In New York Cityat the present time no milk, excepting that equal to^certified grade, may be sold unless it has been effectivelypasteurized. CHAPTER XXVII FERMENTED MILKS According to Metschnikoff, many of the degenera-tive changes associated with old age are due to poisonsgenerated in the intestines by putrefactive , his investigations lead him to believe thatexcessive intestinal putrefaction can be greatly lessenedby introducing bacilli which produce lactic acid in theintestines. In fact, he ascribes the healthfulness andlongevity of certain people of eastern Europe to theirextensive use of sour milk as an article of diet. For many years the people of eastern Europe andwestern Asia have looked upon sour milk as an essenti
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