. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Figure of phase intermediate between Vj^ and Vq. If it is found to lag by an angle (f) behind the curves for / and Vj^, then it may be expressed as UB = A cos (cot + ^) cf) is called the phase angle for the network and is the angle between the waves of terminal voltage and current; it lies between 0 and 90 degrees. A is called the modulus of f ^^. The modulus of a wave refers to its amplitude, and says nothing about its phase; it may be written [vj^b^ which is read as 'mod v .^b- There is another, more sophisticated, approach which gets the
. Electronic apparatus for biological research . Figure of phase intermediate between Vj^ and Vq. If it is found to lag by an angle (f) behind the curves for / and Vj^, then it may be expressed as UB = A cos (cot + ^) cf) is called the phase angle for the network and is the angle between the waves of terminal voltage and current; it lies between 0 and 90 degrees. A is called the modulus of f ^^. The modulus of a wave refers to its amplitude, and says nothing about its phase; it may be written [vj^b^ which is read as 'mod v .^b- There is another, more sophisticated, approach which gets the answer a good deal quicker. The quantities sin cot and cos cot may be regarded as being generated by the projections of a unit vector, rotating in the plane of 1 \ '"Z sin ^^ "^K 1 ujt cos ujt Figure the paper at oo radians per second, on to vertical and horizontal axes (Figure ). Then cos ojt and sin cot may themselves be regarded as vectors, associated with perpendicular directions. Thus when cos cot is multipHed 31
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