. Review of reviews and world's work . inaldeacons may not exceed fourteen. The order of cardinal bishops, finally, whoare the highest in rank, arose from a practicethe early Popes had of calling in neighboringbishops to represent them at episcopal func-tions, to give counsel, and to assist them atsynodal meetings. These cardinal bishops,till the twelfth century, numbered seven andcame from various cathedral cities. But itwas then settled by a paj^al decree that onlythe bishops of six sees in the immediate vicin-ity of Rome should always be cardinalbishops. Cardinals in foreign residence, like
. Review of reviews and world's work . inaldeacons may not exceed fourteen. The order of cardinal bishops, finally, whoare the highest in rank, arose from a practicethe early Popes had of calling in neighboringbishops to represent them at episcopal func-tions, to give counsel, and to assist them atsynodal meetings. These cardinal bishops,till the twelfth century, numbered seven andcame from various cathedral cities. But itwas then settled by a paj^al decree that onlythe bishops of six sees in the immediate vicin-ity of Rome should always be cardinalbishops. Cardinals in foreign residence, likeArchbishop Farley, it is worthy of note, aregenerally cardinal priests, while the fourteencardinal deacons are cardinals in curia,that is, attached to and employed at thepapal court. As for the duties of a modern cardinal, ifhe resides in Rome he graces the Popesentourage, assists the Holy Father at greatliturgical ceremonies, and is his official helperand counsellor in the government of theChurch. In a consistory or assemblage of I \. Coinriahl rach Hiu,., Voik ARCHBISHOP FARLEY OF NEW YORK (Made Cardinal at the Consistory of November 27) the cardinals about the Pope, he may con-fer with them on such matters as the namingof new cardinals, the appointment of bishops,the conclusion of Concordats, the choice ofnuncios, and Uke questions. But privateconsistories are not frequent nowadays, so acardinals chief share in the government ofthe Church is that of presiding over the vari-ous congregations which have been estab-lished for the dispatch of different kinds ofecclesiastical business. These courts, setup or remodeled by Pope Sixtus V, in thesixteenth century, were completely reorgan-ized and adapted to modern conditions bythe present Pontiff. Cardinals in Rome alsoattend of course pubUc consistories at whichthe Pope confers red hats, brings to a con-clusion a process of canonization, receivesambassadors, etc. But bishops and otherprelates may assist at such consistories
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