. Chambers's encyclopedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people. nation, improved on theplough, adding to it the coulter and mould-board,and occasionally attaching wheels to the beam tol^revent the share from going too deep into theearth (Hg. 8). A later and more improved form, inwhich the handles were made to incline Jjackwardaand the coulter was placed so far back as to bodirectly above the share, is still in use in the northof Italy. The jdonghs used in the present day inmost otiior parts of the continent are equally rudeand inelficicnt with the French and Italian imp
. Chambers's encyclopedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people. nation, improved on theplough, adding to it the coulter and mould-board,and occasionally attaching wheels to the beam tol^revent the share from going too deep into theearth (Hg. 8). A later and more improved form, inwhich the handles were made to incline Jjackwardaand the coulter was placed so far back as to bodirectly above the share, is still in use in the northof Italy. The jdonghs used in the present day inmost otiior parts of the continent are equally rudeand inelficicnt with the French and Italian imple-ments. The plough was almost unknown amongthe American aborigines, tiu)ngh Ircscott describesa mode of ]dougiiing practised among the Teruviaiis,which consisted in tlie dra^Uini; forward of a sharp-pointed stake by six or ei^ht men, its sharp jioiiit,which was in front, being kejit down in the giound 6ua PLOUGH, PLOUGHING. by the pressure of the foot of another man whodirected it. Britain and America, and their colonics,are the only cuuntries in which the plough has been. brought to a state worthy of being consideredeffective, and even in Britain the most importantamendments on it are not two centuries old. Eng-land took the lead in improvement by rendering theform more neat and effective, and by attachingwheels to aid in keeping the plough in a properupright position. In Scotland, for some time afterthis, the plough was extremely rude and cumbrous,and usually drawn by 8 oxen ; but in the middleof the ISth c., some Dutch ploughs were imported,and being found more effective, an impetus was thusgiven to attempts at improvement. James Small,who may justly be regarded as the real inventorof the Scotch or swing-plough, made great andimportant changes in the form and efficiency ofthe coulter, share, and mould-boai-d, producing animplement at once lighter and vastly more the swing-ploughs of successive makers arefounded upon the basis of Smalls plough. Wilkieof Udding
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