. European history : an outline of its development. lied in the works of the early fathers,and Aristotle, as the great teacher of logic, acquired an ab-solute authority which no one could dispute. In the fieldof theology this was one of the greatest ages of history andhas had a decisive influence on all later thinking. Aquinas, who was probably the highest product ofthe time, put into definite form the great Catholic doc- The ,ChristianChurch,208-218;Bacon, Advancementof Learning(Clarendon),IV. s. The scho-lasticphilosophy. 264 The Revival of Learning [§248 t
. European history : an outline of its development. lied in the works of the early fathers,and Aristotle, as the great teacher of logic, acquired an ab-solute authority which no one could dispute. In the fieldof theology this was one of the greatest ages of history andhas had a decisive influence on all later thinking. Aquinas, who was probably the highest product ofthe time, put into definite form the great Catholic doc- The ,ChristianChurch,208-218;Bacon, Advancementof Learning(Clarendon),IV. s. The scho-lasticphilosophy. 264 The Revival of Learning [§248 trines, and exercises still an influence hardly equalled in this of the 248. The Founding of the Universities. — In another di- universities. jection the age of Scholasticism exerted a permanent influ- Foundation ... charter of encc upon the mtellectual history of the world. This was in Heidelberg, the organization of the universities of Europe. The in- en erson, |-gj-)gg eagerness to learn which characterized the times, 0^foK>^|. St. Johns College, Oxford seized upon the best of the already existing schools andtransformed them. The number of the students grewenormously, and at the same time the number and the skillof the teachers. The branches of learning began to be dif-ferentiated from one another, and teachers and students tospecialize in their studies. New methods of study werealso introduced— dialectics in theology and the use of Justin-ians code in law. With the increase in numbers, theseschools took on a more definite organization and became § 249] Tlie Renaissance comes first in Italy 265 great self-governing communities of a democratic cast, or atleast democratic after a certain stage in the course of edu-cation had been reached. Together they formed, indeed,a kind of international community, with a common lan-guage, very frequent migration from one to another, and arecognized standing in any one for those who held thedegrees of another. In most of
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