. History of the wars of the French revolution, from the breaking out of the war, in 1792, to the restoration of a general peace, in 1815 : comprehending the civil history of Great Britain and France, during that period. chap, xxi.] OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 477 exclusive pretensions, their tone changed, and they congratu-lated each other on the attainment of a charter, that in somerespects had exceeded their most sanguine expectations.*Some years must necessarily elapse before the real and per-manent effects of opening the trade to India, either in a poli-tical or commercial point of view, or


. History of the wars of the French revolution, from the breaking out of the war, in 1792, to the restoration of a general peace, in 1815 : comprehending the civil history of Great Britain and France, during that period. chap, xxi.] OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. 477 exclusive pretensions, their tone changed, and they congratu-lated each other on the attainment of a charter, that in somerespects had exceeded their most sanguine expectations.*Some years must necessarily elapse before the real and per-manent effects of opening the trade to India, either in a poli-tical or commercial point of view, or as they will operate onthe situation and character of the natives, can be clearly andaccurately ascertained. In all great political and commercialchanges, much confusion and partial evil must at first result;it requires a considerable time to elapse before every thingadjusts itself to the new order of things ; and till this adjust-ment takes place, any judgment that is formed must be rash,premature, and unjust. CHAPTER XXI. Spanish Campaign : Plan of Operations—-Relative Force of the Con-tending Armies—Advance of the Allies—Madrid finally abandonedby the French—Battle of Vittoria—The Invading Army driv


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