China: Empress Xiao Ci Gao (1332-1382), consort of the 1st Ming Emperor, c. 14th-17th century. Empress Xiaocigao (1332-1382), also known as Empress Ma, was the consort of the 1st Ming Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398) and mother of the 3rd Ming Emperor Yongle (r. 1402-1424). From a poor background, she married the future emperor while he was but an officer in the Red Turban Army, accompanying him on campaigns and managing his affairs. When her husband became emperor, Xiaocigao acted as Hongwu's political advisor and secretary, and held a great deal of influence during his reign.

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