. Animal studies. INSTINCT AND REASON 403 actions and reactions. Under the head of psychic functions are included all operations of the nervous system as well as all functions of like nature which may exist in organisms without specialized nerve fibers or nerve cells. As thus de- fined mind would include all phenomena of irritability, and even plants have the rudiments of it. The operations of the mind in this sense need not be conscious. With the lower animals almost all of them are automatic and uncon- scious. With man most of them must be so. All func- tions of the sensorium, irritability,
. Animal studies. INSTINCT AND REASON 403 actions and reactions. Under the head of psychic functions are included all operations of the nervous system as well as all functions of like nature which may exist in organisms without specialized nerve fibers or nerve cells. As thus de- fined mind would include all phenomena of irritability, and even plants have the rudiments of it. The operations of the mind in this sense need not be conscious. With the lower animals almost all of them are automatic and uncon- scious. With man most of them must be so. All func- tions of the sensorium, irritability, reflex action, instinct, reason, volition, are alike in essential nature though differ- ing greatly in their degree of specialization. In another sense the term mind is applied only to con- scious reasoning or conscious volition. In this sense it is mainly an attribute of man, the lower animals showing it in but slight degree. The discussion as to whether lower animals have minds turns on the definition of mind, and our answer to it depends on the definition we A "pointer" dog in the act of "pointing," a specialized instinct. (Permission of G. O. Shields, publisher of Recreation.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Jordan, David Starr, 1851-1931; Kellogg, Vernon L. [from old catalog].
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