. Bulletin. Geography. RED-OAK ASSOCIATION 233 d) Tree stratum.—The black oak (137) is attacked by a large, light- green larva which has a narrow yellow stripe down its back (Nadata gibbosa). It is also attacked by several slug caterpillars which we have been unable to identify. The beautiful prominent larva with a saddle of red is occasionally taken. Commonly feeding on the juices of the leaves are several species of leaf-hopper (Typhlocyba querci var. bifasciata), the common grapevine leaf-hopper, and the white black- marked leaf-hopper which occurs also on the hickory. The oak tree- hopper
. Bulletin. Geography. RED-OAK ASSOCIATION 233 d) Tree stratum.—The black oak (137) is attacked by a large, light- green larva which has a narrow yellow stripe down its back (Nadata gibbosa). It is also attacked by several slug caterpillars which we have been unable to identify. The beautiful prominent larva with a saddle of red is occasionally taken. Commonly feeding on the juices of the leaves are several species of leaf-hopper (Typhlocyba querci var. bifasciata), the common grapevine leaf-hopper, and the white black- marked leaf-hopper which occurs also on the hickory. The oak tree- hopper {Telemona querci) (Fig. 212) is a common leaf-sucker. Squirrels are probably occasional visitors as they come to feed upon acorns. The acorns are also often attacked by weevils. In such a set of graded forest stages as we are dis- cussing it is possible to note many stages. The stage which we have just de- scribed passes more or less rapidly into the next, the rate of change depending upon the height above ground water and the degree to which the sand is shifted by the wind. On the parallel ridges, the next and perhaps most notable forest stage contains white oak and red oak and is found in places on the Tolleston, Calumet, and Glenwood beaches. The ecological age of the forest is determined by the height above ground water. Ridge 93, inside the Tolleston Beach, is low and forest has progressed as far as on the older Fig. 211.—The lacebugs common on the oak and wild cherry in the dune region {Coryihuca arcuala) (from Washburn after Comstock): a, adult; b, young. V. Mesophytic Forest Formation (115, 170) I. HYALIODES OR BLACK OAK-RED OAK ASSOCIATION (Station 63, also near stations 27 and 65; Tables L, LIII, LVI, LIX) (115) This is represented at several points. a) Subterranean-ground stratum.—In this stratum the woodchuck or groundhog is common (142). Earthworms have begun to appear. The root-borer Prionus (155) and several species of ants are common, while the n
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