. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. FLY FLOWERS 127 Hawk-moths (Macroglossa) are peculiar in the fact that they visit flowers in bright sunshine. It is therefore not surprising that in the Alps, where Lepidoptera abound, undoubted diurnal Hawk-moth Flowers have been evolved, such as Gentiana bavarica and verna (Fig. 39). 8. Fly Flowers (F). Fly Flowers, which are chiefly visited by flies (Diptera), do not constitute so clearly defined a class as those in which Hymenopterid and Lepidopterid flo
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. FLY FLOWERS 127 Hawk-moths (Macroglossa) are peculiar in the fact that they visit flowers in bright sunshine. It is therefore not surprising that in the Alps, where Lepidoptera abound, undoubted diurnal Hawk-moth Flowers have been evolved, such as Gentiana bavarica and verna (Fig. 39). 8. Fly Flowers (F). Fly Flowers, which are chiefly visited by flies (Diptera), do not constitute so clearly defined a class as those in which Hymenopterid and Lepidopterid flowers are respectively placed. They include species that are oecologically very diverse, and are in fact divided into five sub-classes : (a) Nauseous Flowers; {b) Pitfall Flowers; (c) Pinch-trap Flowers ; (d) Deceptive Flowers; and {e) Hover-fly Flowers. A. Nauseous Flowers (Fn). So far as concerns concealment of nectar, the plants here included mostly belong to the classes in which this is exposed or partly concealed. They are dull and often. Fig. 40. Saxifraga bryoiJes, L., a flower belonging to Class EF. (After Henn. Miiller, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 39.) spotted, and yellowish or dark purple in colour. By their nauseous odour they attract many insects, especially carrion-flies and dung-flies, which are the active agents of pollination. As already mentioned (p. 109) Hermann Miiller includes in this group numerous species of Saxifraga, in which the whitish or yellowish and often spotted flowers attract numerous flies, and he employs AD [=EF] as a group symbol for Fly Flowers with exposed nectar (Fig. 40). Veratrum and Lloydia, and perhaps also Rhamnus, Alchemilla, and others, are also to be included Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Knuth, Paul, 1854-1899; Knuth, Paul, 1854-1899; Mu?ller, Her
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